{"id":227,"date":"2025-01-27T16:11:14","date_gmt":"2025-01-27T21:11:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/?page_id=227"},"modified":"2025-06-04T15:52:31","modified_gmt":"2025-06-04T19:52:31","slug":"behavior-modeling-av-users","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/research\/behavior-modeling-av-users\/","title":{"rendered":"Behavior Modeling of AV Users"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Behavior Modeling of AV Users<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Last Updated<\/strong>: 01\/27\/2025 | All information is accurate and up-to-date<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-color has-gray-10-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-63fefaaa267ae06136a3f388eaa7df5a\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Main Goals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modeling the behavioral patterns and characteristics of AV users.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Drivers, occupants, pedestrians and other road users potentially interacting with AVs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guide the design, development and evaluation of human-centric AI functions in intelligent transportation<em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Examples<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"Naturalistic driving studies\" class=\"wp-image-234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01-300x95.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Naturalistic Driving Studies<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"Behavior Modeling of Vulnerable Road Users\" class=\"wp-image-235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01-300x158.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Behavior Modeling of Vulnerable Road Users<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"Driver Distraction and Relative Risks\" class=\"wp-image-236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01-300x176.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Driver Distraction and Relative Risks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a50324d882d394dd179111233af886b0\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naturalistic Driving Study #1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>110-car Naturalistic Driving Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Goal<\/strong>: behaviors of pedestrians and bicyclists in a naturalistic road environment when encountering cars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Method<\/strong>: Synchronized data from three sources were recorded continuously when the subject is driving through the onboard data collection device hidden behind the rearview mirror.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scope<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Number of primary subjects: 116<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Duration: 12 months<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collected raw data size:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Driving distance: ~1.44 million miles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Driving time: &gt; 40,000 hours<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Video data collected: 90 TB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dataset<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>62,000 pedestrians and 13,000 bicyclists with behavior, environment, and risk labels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"58\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"Data Processing Pipeline\" class=\"wp-image-237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01.webp 800w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01-300x22.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01-768x56.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Data Processing Pipeline<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Naturalistic Driving Study 01\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3XNHPbXC9XA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Naturalistic Driving Study 01\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/peu6Ypz_2_A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-color has-gray-10-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-283ff0e26c4dea107828279cd4e25c33\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naturalistic Driving Study #2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Naturalistic panoramic road-scene data collection\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>200 hours of naturalistic data collection in 4 US Regions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All VRUs: Pedestrians, E-scooter Riders, Bicyclists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global scene reconstructions (LiDAR + 360 Camera + RTK GPS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprehensive annotations (Visual, Map, Action, and Intention labels)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Collection Sites<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A map of the United States showing all the different cities that the experimental vehicle was used (Los Angeles, San Diego, Austin, Lafayette, Indianapolis, Washington DC, New York, Providence, Salem and Boston.)\" class=\"wp-image-243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01.webp 800w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01-768x418.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experiment Vehicle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A diagram showing how the camera system is set up within the vehicle\" class=\"wp-image-245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01.webp 600w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01-300x173.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A diagram of a car looking straight down from above, showing the position of the 360-degree camera on the roof.\" class=\"wp-image-244\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01.webp 600w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01-300x190.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-1.webp\" alt=\"Two photos of the experimental car. One showing the equipment mounted in the truck and the other showing the camera system mounted to the roof.\" class=\"wp-image-247\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-1.webp 800w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-1-300x98.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-1-768x250.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7c065e39c5d0dc4278254325c370bd16\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Automatic and Manual Annotations of VRU-Encountering Scenes<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A diagram showing the sensor-fusion-based scene reconstruction pipeline.\" class=\"wp-image-250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01.webp 800w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01-300x153.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01-768x391.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sensor-fusion-based Scene Reconstruction Pipeline<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Visual, movement and action annotations for more than 600k frames to measure the behaviors of VRUs and the contextual scenes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"Two images of computer screens showing the annotations for more than 600k frames.\" class=\"wp-image-251\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01.webp 800w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01-300x122.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01-768x313.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Scene Reconstruction and Behavior Variable Calculation for &gt;2000 VRUs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A view on the driver's side from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01-350x350.webp 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02.webp\" alt=\"A forward view of a car from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02-350x350.webp 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03.webp\" alt=\"A view on the passenger's side from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03.webp 400w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03-350x350.webp 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"An aerial view of a city intersection where three roads cross each other.\" class=\"wp-image-255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01.webp 600w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01-286x300.webp 286w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><thead><tr><th>Scenario Variables<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">eScooter #1<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Front eScooter Speed (mph)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">16.04<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ego Speed (mph)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">12.47<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Closest Passing Distance (m)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">n\/a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crossing Distance (m)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">32.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crossing Angle (deg)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">61.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Smallest TTC (sec)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">n\/a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-black-color has-gray-10-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b35d34fbcaca44bc618245c7fb1af9f2\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:84%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descriptive Vulnerable Road User Behavior Models<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Behavior modeling based on naturalistic observations can contribute important details for encountering scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pedestrians and bicyclists moving speeds at different scenarios<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pedestrian and bicyclist limb motion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pedestrian and bicyclist appearance locations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calculation of time-to-potential-conflict (TTC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vehicle traveling speed at different scenarios\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>200 hours of naturalistic data collection in 4 US Regions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All VRUs: Pedestrians, E-scooter Riders, Bicyclists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global scene reconstructions (LiDAR + 360 Camera + RTK GPS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprehensive annotations (Visual, Map, Action, and Intention labels)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>E-scooter and cyclist behavior analysis during car encounters based on naturalistic observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"711\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A pie chart showing the breakdown of the eScooter's performance.\" class=\"wp-image-256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01.webp 600w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01-253x300.webp 253w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01.webp\" alt=\"A pie chart showing the breakdown of the bicyclist's performance.\" class=\"wp-image-257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01.webp 600w, https:\/\/ise.ncsu.edu\/icel\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/01\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01-249x300.webp 249w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:8%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Behavior Modeling of AV Users Last Updated: 01\/27\/2025 | All information is accurate and up-to-date Main Goals Research Examples Naturalistic Driving Study #1 110-car Naturalistic&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-landing.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Pedestrian Behavior Prediction Models<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Automated vehicles excel on highways but struggle in cities due to pedestrians&#039; and road users&#039; unpredictable, rapidly changing actions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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